The structure of inter-industry systems and the diffusion of innovations: The case of Spain

© 2012 Elsevier Inc. This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Technological Forecasting & Social Change. To access the final edited and published work see doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.01

Los Sistemas Productivos Regionales desde la perspectiva del Análisis de Redes

En este trabajo se presenta una metodología de análisis de las relaciones industriales y de los sistemas productivos basada en el análisis de redes sociales, y en los conceptos de embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), sistema productivo (Wilkinson, 1985) y capital social. Tras el examen y discusión de esta perspectiva metodológica, se realiza una aplicación al estudio de las relaciones industriales en el País Vasco (España). La aplicación del análisis de redes sociales en la investigación económica se encuentra todavía en una fase mucho menos avanzada que en otros ámbitos de las ciencias sociales, como la psicología, la antropología o la sociología. Esto obedece, principalmente, a que el paradigma neoclásico, que es la corriente dominante de la economía, no considera relevantes ni el carácter social ni el carácter relacional de los agentes, a pesar de que todas las corrientes de la economía asumen su pertenencia al campo de las ciencias sociales. En este trabajo las relaciones constituyen el centro del análisis y son consideradas en un sistema productivo concreto, delimitado desde la perspectiva geográfica, económica e histórica. El concepto de sistema productivo contempla no sólo las relaciones mercantiles que tienen lugar entre las empresas, que son utilizadas para identificar los sistemas de producción, sino también las no mercantiles. Estas relaciones también se establecen con otros tipos de instituciones tales como parques tecnológicos, institutos de investigación o universidades. También las relaciones informales entre los actores deben ser incluidas, junto a las relaciones formales, para analizar un sistema productivo completo. El análisis de la estructura relacional se realiza considerando su contexto, es decir, contemplando sus características geográficas, históricas y sociales, que ayudan a comprender mejor sus características.This paper discuss a methodology to analyse industrial relationships based on social network analysis and on the concepts of embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), productive system (Wilkinson, 1985) and social capital. Once the perspective is discussed it is applied to study industrial relationships in the Basque Country (Spain). The application of the social network analysis to economic research is at the moment at its initial stages, although it has been widely applied in sociology and psychology. The dominance of the neoclassical mainstream paradigm in economics, based on principles and developing theories that do not consider as relevant the social and relational character of agents and systems, is among the main reasons. However, all the perspectives, even the neoclassical, assume that economics is a social science. In this paper relationships are the focus of the analysis and they are considered for a particular productive system, geographically and historically specified. The concept of productive system is understood by considering mercantile and nonmercantile relationships among the firms constituting a particular industrial sector. Moreover, relationships are linking firms, and economic sectors at a more macro level, with other types of institutions such as technology parks, research institutes and universities. At the same time, informal relationships among actors should also be included, together with the formal links, to analyse a complete productive system. The whole relational structure is analysed considering its context, and therefore allowing for the consideration of geographical, historical and social peculiarities, that are necessary for a better understanding of its characteristics

The Embeddedness of the Agro-Food System in the Spanish Interindustrial Structure

© 2011 SAGE Publications. This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in International Regional Science Review. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017610387295The agro-food system (AFS) is an integrating component of the networks behind interindustrial systems. This implies that the structure of AFSs affects and is affected by the characteristics and evolution of the more complex networks in which they are embedded. This article uses national and regional input—output data to analyze the network structure of the Spanish interindustry system for the period 1980— 2000. Network theory (NT) and social network analysis (SNA) have been applied to examine the structural position and evolution of the AFS in the whole interindustrial system. Following a systemic view, it is stated that the Spanish interindustry network follows a hierarchical topology, in which a core and a periphery can be identified. The AFS is a cohesive module occupying a peripheral position in the interindustrial structure. Those findings are very relevant from a policy perspective, as it is essential to have a deep knowledge of the structure of a system before acting on it. According to the dynamics of the analyzed national and regional AFSs, actions would imply coordination with policies focused on core sectors, mainly business services, trade and hotels and restaurants, and on sectors belonging to other production systems

The role of social learning in fostering farmers' pro-environmental values and intentions

© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Rural Studies. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.06.003In interventions to achieve sustainability, social learning plays a prominent and growing role as a framework strategy in changing behaviors and intentions. Many interventions have been designed to achieve better performances in natural resource management, but the literature studying the effects on values and intentions is scarce. This paper studies the effects of the Local Agrarian Innovative Programme, which aims to promote sustainability, in two regions of Cuba. It is a long-term, on-going intervention in which learning, cooperation and social interactions play key roles. In this paper, outcomes and actions are considered a first category of learning (single loop learning), and subjective perceptions and intentions imply a superior category of learning (double loop learning). The data, mainly based on primary information collected from a representative sample, are analyzed in terms of differences in values and intentions, and reveal noticeable inter-regional diversity, while intervention duration appears as a decisive variable. From a policy point of view, this research calls into question the efficacy of short-term awareness projects and proposes the integration of social learning programmes when designing pro-environmental interventions

Lessons from three north-western Mediterranean MPAs: A governance analysis of Port-Cros National Park, Tavolara Punta-Coda Cavallo and Ustica

© 2021. Elsevier. This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Marine Policy. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.034This paper examines the governance of Port-Cros National Park (PCNP), Tavolara Punto-Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area (TPCCMPA) and Ustica Island Marine Protected Area (UIMPA), all north-western Mediterranean. The governance approach adopted in PCNP is predominately state-led with increased decentralisation and participation, whilst in TPCCMPA and UIMPA the management responsibility is shared between national and local governments. The use of legal and knowledge incentives has predominated governance of PCNP. Public acceptance has been boosted through increased use of participative incentives, brought about by a reform of French National Parks in 2006 and the creation of the new PCNP between 2012 and 2016. In TPCCMPA and UIMPA both legal and economic incentives are the key mechanisms through which the MPAs are managed and conflicts addressed. In TPCCMPA and UIMPA, where the MPA management authority are faced with a lack of enforcement capacity, greater attention should be given to participative and interpretive incentives to boost stewardship and compliance. The authors conclude that the current governance approaches are effective but do not address all challenges and cross-cutting issues faced. Strengthened political will and leadership from all levels of government is required to improve governance towards more effective and equitable outcomes for all three MPAs, along with increased use of participative and interpretative incentives to generate an increased sense of community stewardship

Incentives for good governance: getting the balance right for Port-Cros National Park (Mediterranean Sea, France)

This paper provides preliminary findings from an examination of the nature of the management effectivness and governance structure underpinning the Port-Cros National Park (PCNP), created in 1963, then restricted to the Port-Cros Archipelago, and the newly created Port-Cros National Park (N-PCNP), (whose implementation process extended from 2012-2016) the surface area of which will be multiplied 64-fold to 75-fold. The analysis that follows was restricted to the marine parts of PCNP and N-PCNP. The MPAG governance analysis framework was applied through semi-structured interviews with park managers, staff and relevant experts. Through this systematic analysis the role and interaction between incentives are better understood. The PCNP, created primarily from the top-down with elements of a bottom-up approach, resulted, in the course of its more than 50-year history, in a successful positive balance between natural heritage preservation and sustainable development, such as the artisanal fishery. Public acceptance has been addressed through increased use of participative incentives, brought about by a reform of French National Parks in 2006 and the creation of the N-PNPC in 2012-2016. Although the current governance approach and management is effective, and not all cross cutting issues and challenges are sufficiently addressed, the French 2006 approach of national parks and the 2012-2016 bottom-up process of negotiating the N-PCNP charter is unique and is considered by those involved as a model for Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). It is recommended that increased participative and interpretative incentives be utilised to generate greater community stewardship.Le présent travail constitue une analyse préliminaire de l’efficacité de la gestion et de la gouvernance au sein du Parc national de Port-Cros (PNPC), créé en 1963 et alors circonscrit à l’archipel de Port-Cros, et du nouveau Parc national de Port-Cros (ici désigné sous le nom de N-PNPC), dont le processus de création s’étend de 2012 à 2016 et dont la surface sera multipliée par 64 à 75 par rapport au PNPC initial. L’analyse qui suit ne concerne que la partie marine du PNPC et du N-PNPC (Aire Marine Protégée, AMP). L’analyse de gouvernance MPAG (Marine Protected Area Governance) a été mise en œuvre au moyen d’interviews semi-structurées avec des gestionnaires et des experts de l’AMP. Cette analyse permet de mieux comprendre le rôle des motivations, des incitations et de leurs interactions. Le PNPC, créé selon un processus top-down (de haut en bas, i.e. par l’Etat), mais avec également une composante bottom-up (de bas en haut, i.e. à l’initiative de la population locale), a débouché, au cours de ses 50 ans d’histoire, sur un équilibre positif entre protection du patrimoine naturel et développement durable (en particulier, celui de la pêche artisanale). La Loi française de 2006 sur la réforme des parcs nationaux, qui débouche sur la création du N-PNPC entre 2012 et 2016, a accru l’implication du public dans la gouvernance. Bien que la gouvernance actuelle et la gestion soient efficaces, tous les problèmes et enjeux ne sont pas suffisamment abordés. L’approche des parcs nationaux résultant, en France, de la Loi de 2006, et le processus bottom-up de négociation d’une charte, telle que celle du N-PNPC, sont considérés par leurs acteurs comme un modèle pour les AMPs de Méditerranée. Il est recommandé de continuer à développer ces pratiques participatives, afin d’accroître l’implication du public

A governance analysis of Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas and Cabo de GataNíjar Marine Protected Areas, Spain

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. This document is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Marine Policy. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.035This paper examines the governance of Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas (CPHMPA) and Cabo de Gata-Níjar (CGNMPA) Marine Protected Areas, Spain. The governance approach adopted in CPHMPA is shared authority between regional and state governments, whereas in CGNMPA it is state-led. In each MPA, limited coordination between national and regional government, and weak management at both levels, has made achievement of strategic conservation objectives significantly more challenging. Inconsistencies in legislation applied to internal and territorial waters have left both MPAs vulnerable to local economic development priorities. The reliance on economic and legal incentives has increased employment opportunities within the communities studied, but has also incurred environmental and social costs. Overall, the authors conclude that the current governance approaches are insufficient to effectively address all the challenges faced. In order to achieve more effective and equitable outcomes for both MPAs, greater coordination between national and regional government is required, along with interventions to introduce more participative and knowledge incentives to generate a greater sense of stewardship among all stakeholders

Los Sistemas Productivos Regionales desde la perspectiva del Análisis de Redes

© 2004 María Semitiel García, Pedro Noguera Méndez. This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in REDES- Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/redes.54En este trabajo se presenta una metodología de análisis de las relaciones industriales y de los sistemas productivos basada en el análisis de redes sociales, y en los conceptos de embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), sistema productivo (Wilkinson, 1985) y capital social. Tras el examen y discusión de esta perspectiva metodológica, se realiza una aplicación al estudio de las relaciones industriales en el País Vasco (España). La aplicación del análisis de redes sociales en la investigación económica se encuentra todavía en una fase mucho menos avanzada que en otros ámbitos de las ciencias sociales, como la psicología, la antropología o la sociología. Esto obedece, principalmente, a que el paradigma neoclásico, que es la corriente dominante de la economía, no considera relevantes ni el carácter social ni el carácter relacional de los agentes, a pesar de que todas las corrientes de la economía asumen su pertenencia al campo de las ciencias sociales. En este trabajo las relaciones constituyen el centro del análisis y son consideradas en un sistema productivo concreto, delimitado desde la perspectiva geográfica, económica e histórica. El concepto de sistema productivo contempla no sólo las relaciones mercantiles que tienen lugar entre las empresas, que son utilizadas para identificar los sistemas de producción, sino también las no mercantiles. Estas relaciones también se establecen con otros tipos de instituciones tales como parques tecnológicos, institutos de investigación o universidades. También las relaciones informales entre los actores deben ser incluidas, junto a las relaciones formales, para analizar un sistema productivo completo. El análisis de la estructura relacional se realiza considerando su contexto, es decir, contemplando sus características geográficas, históricas y sociales, que ayudan a comprender mejor sus características.This paper discuss a methodology to analyse industrial relationships based on social network analysis and on the concepts of embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), productive system (Wilkinson, 1985) and social capital. Once the perspective is The application of the social network analysis to economic research is at the moment at its initial stages, although it has been widely applied in sociology and psychology. The dominance of the neoclassical mainstream paradigm in economics, based on principles and developing theories that do not consider as relevant the social and relational character of agents and systems, is among the main reasons. However, all the perspectives, even the neoclassical, assume that economics is a social science. In this paper relationships are the focus of the analysis and they are considered for a particular productive system, geographically and historically specified. The concept of productive system is understood by considering mercantile and nonmercantile relationships among the firms constituting a particular industrial sector. Moreover, relationships are linking firms, and economic sectors at a more macro level, with other types of institutions such as technology parks, research institutes and universities. At the same time, informal relationships among actors should also be included, together with the formal links, to analyse a complete productive system. The whole relational structure is analysed considering its context, and therefore allowing for the consideration of geographical, historical and social peculiarities, that are necessary for a better understanding of its characteristics

Interindustrial Structure and Economic Development. An Analysis from Network and Input-Output Perspectives

This paper studies inter-industry structures at national level by applying traditional input-output measures and also network analysis. The main objective is to attain a better understanding of economic processes by focusing on inter-industrial structures as a main explanatory factor of the observed international disparities in development. This study shows the existence of a fundamental inter-industrial structure, common to all countries. When comparing groups of countries, there are also structural differences that are in accordance with differences in development levels, in industrial specialization and in the structural position of some industrial sectors. Those differences have an impact on the countries’ unequal development processes. This study shows that both methodologies, input-output and network analyses, are complementary and allow to attain more advanced explanations of the processes of development. By applying network theory it is possible to improve our knowledge on structural differences and its relation with economic growth and development.En este trabajo se estudian diversas estructuras interindustriales nacionales aplicando medidas tradicionales input-output y análisis de redes. Su principal objetivo es avanzar en la comprensión de los procesos económicos centrándose en las estructuras interindustriales como un factor explicativo de las disparidades internacionales de desarrollo. El estudio de las relaciones intersectoriales muestra la existencia de una estructura fundamental o común y de diferencias estructurales entre grupos de países, de acuerdo con sus niveles de desarrollo, en la especialización y en la posición de determinadas ramas, teniendo un impacto en sus desiguales procesos de desarrollo. En este trabajo se muestra que ambas metodologías, input-output y redes, son complementarias y permiten alcanzar explicaciones más ricas de los procesos de desarrollo. La aplicación de la teoría de redes permite una mejor comprensión de las diferencias estructurales, que puede ser relacionada con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo

Identification of Marine Biotechnology Value Chains with High Potential in the Northern Mediterranean Region

© 2023. The authors. This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Marine Drugs. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.3390/md21070416Marine (blue) biotechnology is an emerging field enabling the valorization of new products and processes with massive potential for innovation and economic growth. In the Mediterranean region, this innovation potential is not exploited as well as in other European regions due to a lack of a clear identification of the different value chains and the high fragmentation of business innovation initiatives. As a result, several opportunities to create an innovative society are being missed. To address this problem, eight Northern Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Mar. Drugs 2023, 21, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21070416 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2023, 21, 416 2 of 26 Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) established five national blue biotechnology hubs to identify and address the bottlenecks that prevent the development of marine biotechnology in the region. Following a three-step approach (1. Analysis: setting the scene; 2. Transfer: identification of promising value chains; 3. Capitalization: community creation), we identified the three value chains that are most promising for the Northern Mediterranean region: algae production for added-value compounds, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and valorization aquaculture/fisheries/processing by-products, unavoidable/unwanted catches and discards. The potential for the development and the technical and non-technical skills that are necessary to advance in this exciting field were identified through several stakeholder events which provided valuable insight and feedback that should be addressed for marine biotechnology in the Northern Mediterranean region to reach its full potential